Tokamak or stellarator: what is the difference?
Tokamaks and stellarators both trap a plasma of hundreds of millions of degrees in a ring of magnetic fields. The difference is where the twist in that field comes from – and it decides how the machines look, how they run and what they are good at.
Has fusion ever produced more energy than it used?
Headlines about fusion “breakthroughs” often suggest that the energy problem is close to solved. The honest answer depends on which energy you count: the energy put into the fuel, or the electricity the whole facility draws.
How does Poland take part in European fusion research?
Poland has no large tokamak of its own, but Polish physicists and engineers have worked for two decades on Europe’s main fusion machines – including the TCV tokamak in Lausanne. This is how that participation is organised and where it shows.